7 21, 2004
第１回： 「牛丼とアメリカの狂牛病」
今回は週刊文春の記事から、アメリカで発生した狂牛病の話題を取り上げます。
■婉曲語法
Euphemism takes away the power of words.
狂牛病、家庭内暴力、麻薬などは外来の悪であり、本来は日本人に関係ないと思いたいので BSE、DV、ドラッグ（薬物）に言い換えている。"All of these terrible things came from the USA.”
"Delivery health" is a great euphemism here. (^.^)
Much euphemism is found in the US, too. Some clever, some funny.
For example, such a symptom as "shell shock" resulting from combat experience in World War II or Viet Nam War is now rendered as PTSD.
■ 牛丼
Not everyone in the world knows "gyudon." "Beef bowl" is not natural English.
Gyudon : Today, for lunch, I ate thin slices of shredded beef placed on rice in a bowl.
寿司はよく知られているが、知らない人には例えば次のように言う。
Sushi : Last night, I went to a delicious finger-sized, thin slices of raw fish placed upon vinegared rice seasoned with Japanese horseradish restaurant.
■レトルト
retort や consommé は、日常会話ではあまり使わない。
寄稿者の名前を忘れず書くことで、これを彼らの表現とすれば問題ない。
Nonperishable foods → retort, packaged, processed, dried, canned Perishable food, Perishables → 生鮮食品
"In May (of) 2002" is OK rather than "In May two years ago." Just say the month and year.
○ OIE、厚労省
Official title : Spell it right.
Order of family and given names of a person (whether Western or Japanese style):
Do what the client wants.
Do it in respect of the culture.
○（規制）対象
Object of regulation is OK, but tricky nonetheless.
This word is difficult and confusing. You have to translate it depending on the situation.
Object という言葉を使わずに、文脈から「規制されていない」など、他の表現を用いる。
Ex.: Here is no regulation in place.
○ 液体スープ類
"Liquid soup" is redundant くどい.
"Soup stock" is better, though not a common term (stock = leftover part of animal).
"Canned soup" is a good idea.
○ 自粛
"Voluntary restraint" is too soft. They're really saying "Don't do it."
○ 調査 is another killer word. Is it research, analysis, survey, study or investigation?
Depending on the context, 調査 is analogous in concept and meaning to 検査, 研究, 解析, 分析 and so on.
牛丼は安いし旨いし、「特盛」などはそうとう馬力がつくでしょうが、なにしろ私などオジサンですから、中性脂肪、肝脂肪、血糖値、成人病、生活習慣病など心配のタネがたくさんあって、牛丼は不健康な食べ物の象徴と思って敬遠していましたが、食べられなくなるとなったら急に食べたくなるものです。２月１１日は吉野家牛丼最後の日。
米国狂牛病本当に危ないのは牛丼よりソーセージ・レトルト食品・コンソメだ！
椎名玲 & 吉中由紀
アメリカで初めてＢＳＥ（狂牛病）の感染が確認されたことで、日本政府は直ちに、 米国産牛の輸入を一時停止する措置を取った。このため、米国産牛肉を食材にしていた、
"吉野屋"など一部の外食産業では、メニュー変更や営業時間の短縮をして輸入再開を待つ構えだ。
（中略）
アメリカでは、血漿蛋白など牛の血液をまぜた餌を与えたり、牛の血液を注射するなどしているところがあります。日本でBSEが出たときも、子牛の飲む代用乳に血漿蛋白が混ぜられていたことが発覚して、これが感染の原因ではないかと騒がれたことがありました。とにかく、アメリカの酪農は大規模になりすぎていて、生産性ばかりを重んじている。
（中略）
一昨年五月、国際獣疫事務局（OIE) が神経組織の付着を理由に“背骨”を危険部位としたため、今年二月から日本でも背骨の使用はできなくなる。これは、背骨に付着している脊髄をとりきることが難しいということから決められたが、アメリカでは、当然、背骨は規制対象になっていない。厚労省の調査でも、昨年一月以降輸入された牛肉加工食品の中には背骨のついたTボーンステーキが五十八トンも含まれていたり、背骨だけではなく、脳や脊髄を使った疑いのある液状スープ類や牛脂が百五十三トンも確認されたのだ。いまのところ厚労省は、これらを使ったものは販売を自粛するように呼びかけている。
（週刊文春より抜粋）
BSE 問題について
Did Japan overreact? What would you do if you
are Health & Welfare Minister?
騒いでも騒ぎすぎる問題ではない。日本は全頭検査を要求しているのだから、アメリカは日本向けの牛肉だけでも検査してから輸出してくれればよい。アメリカ政府が全米食肉業界団体の圧力に屈していれば、いつまでたっても吉野家の牛丼が食べられない。安全とは言え、草鞋のようなオージービーフでは駄目らしいから。
For global topics, try to read at least one English newspaper article per day.
Go to Boston Globe -- My local hometown paper
Go to USA Today -- Easy to read
I don't like Japan Times.
LA Times and NY Times are influential, but I think, for these papers, writers come before news.
National Enquirer is very infamous in the States. Ridiculous, crazy!
Go to Boston Globe -- My local hometown paper
Go to USA Today -- Easy to read
I don't like Japan Times.
LA Times and NY Times are influential, but I think, for these papers, writers come before news.
National Enquirer is very infamous in the States. Ridiculous, crazy!
NYT makes no reference to depleted uranium (DU) weapons used by the US Forces in Iraq. Why?
[テキスト1]
米国狂牛病 本当に危ないのは牛丼よりソーセージ・レトルト食品・コンソメだ！
椎名 玲 & 吉中由紀
アメリカで初めてＢＳＥ（狂牛病）の感染が確認されたことで、日本政府は直ちに、 米国産牛の輸入を一時停止する措置を取った。このため、米国産牛肉を食材にしていた、 “吉野屋”など一部の外食産業では、メニュー変更や営業時間の短縮をして輸入再開を待つ構えだ。
椎名 玲 & 吉中由紀
アメリカで初めてＢＳＥ（狂牛病）の感染が確認されたことで、日本政府は直ちに、 米国産牛の輸入を一時停止する措置を取った。このため、米国産牛肉を食材にしていた、 “吉野屋”など一部の外食産業では、メニュー変更や営業時間の短縮をして輸入再開を待つ構えだ。
- 「一時停止」の「一時」は意味がない。もちろん再開は予測されるが、なにはともあれここで緊急に停止しただけである。
[訳例1]
The mad cow threat! Meat products that pose
the greatest risk to your health.
By Shiina Rei and Yoshinaka Yuki
Upon word that the first case of BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy), more commonly known as "mad cow disease" had been detected in America, the Japanese government immediately banned all imports of American beef. Japanese eateries such as "Yoshinoya" and other restaurants that depend upon imported American beef as their main fare have had to adapt to the strict measures, forcing themselves to impromptu menu changes and shortened hours of operation, hoping for business's sake that the scare will soon be over.
By Shiina Rei and Yoshinaka Yuki
Upon word that the first case of BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy), more commonly known as "mad cow disease" had been detected in America, the Japanese government immediately banned all imports of American beef. Japanese eateries such as "Yoshinoya" and other restaurants that depend upon imported American beef as their main fare have had to adapt to the strict measures, forcing themselves to impromptu menu changes and shortened hours of operation, hoping for business's sake that the scare will soon be over.
- キャプションの目的は、記事を読む気にさせること。要点を簡潔に書き、かつインパクトを与えなければならない。そして、なにがインパクトとなるかは和洋で異なる。この場合、ソーセージ以下は meat products で十分。「ここが英語になっていないではないか」と苦情を言われるようなクライアントがおられなくなってから久しい。（笑）
- 猛犬や猛牛も怖いが狂犬や狂牛はもっと恐ろしい。disease の代わりに threat が効果的。
- for business's sake の挿入は細やかな配慮。
[訳例2]
Mad Cow Disease;
Not Beef Bowls But Sausages, Retort Foods, (1) Soup Stock Cubes Pose (2) Serious Threat
In the wake of the first case of BSE (3) or mad cow disease (3) in the U.S.A., (4) Japanese government decided to temporally stop imports of U.S. beef. Some fast-food chain restaurants, including Yoshinoya, that have been using U.S. beef (5) for foodstuffs took actions such as changing their menus and shortening business hours, so that they can (6) tide over the difficulties until imports resume.
Not Beef Bowls But Sausages, Retort Foods, (1) Soup Stock Cubes Pose (2) Serious Threat
In the wake of the first case of BSE (3) or mad cow disease (3) in the U.S.A., (4) Japanese government decided to temporally stop imports of U.S. beef. Some fast-food chain restaurants, including Yoshinoya, that have been using U.S. beef (5) for foodstuffs took actions such as changing their menus and shortening business hours, so that they can (6) tide over the difficulties until imports resume.
- and を挿入。
- the を挿入。
- カンマで区切る。
- the を挿入。
- for food-stuffs は不要。
- tide over はここでは少し変。ride out の方がよい。
- Google してみたら temporally stop は 84 件、temporarily stop は 26,200 件。
[訳例3]
Risk of US’s mad cow can be found in processed
foods--sausages, retort-pouched foods, or bouillon cubes—not only
in (1) beef bowl
Promptly after the US confirmed its first infection of BSE, commonly known as mad cow disease, (2) Japanese government temporarily suspended imports of US beef. This affected the food service industry that served US beef, for example, (2) (3) Yoshinoya-chain. They temporarily changed their menu or shortened service hours, (4) watching for the import of US beef to restart.
Promptly after the US confirmed its first infection of BSE, commonly known as mad cow disease, (2) Japanese government temporarily suspended imports of US beef. This affected the food service industry that served US beef, for example, (2) (3) Yoshinoya-chain. They temporarily changed their menu or shortened service hours, (4) watching for the import of US beef to restart.
- "牛丼" is rather difficult to put in easy English, so "gyudon" is OK.
- the を挿入。
- Yoshinoya-chain → Yoshinoya chain
- "watching for the import of US beef to restart" is a very good opening. Not bad... but, "...waiting for the ban of imported US bee to be lifted" is stronger.
- この時点ではメニュー変更が temporary で済むという保証はない。ただ慌てたのであって、 これはGeorge さんのように impromptu を使えばよいのではないか。新聞報道などでよく見かける単語。
[訳例4]
Sausage, pouch packed food, and bouillon cube could
be a bigger BSE hazard than "gyudon".
BY REI SHIINA & YUKI YOSHINAKA
Japan immediately slapped a temporary import ban on U.S. beef following the confirmation of the first U.S. case of BSE (Mad Cow Disease). In response to the decision, "Yoshinoya" and other food service industries that use U.S. beef will take actions to minimize (1) negative effect until the ban is lifted, such as shortening the service hours, adding non-beef dishes to the menu, etc.
BY REI SHIINA & YUKI YOSHINAKA
Japan immediately slapped a temporary import ban on U.S. beef following the confirmation of the first U.S. case of BSE (Mad Cow Disease). In response to the decision, "Yoshinoya" and other food service industries that use U.S. beef will take actions to minimize (1) negative effect until the ban is lifted, such as shortening the service hours, adding non-beef dishes to the menu, etc.
- slap という珍しい単語が使われている。引っ叩いたのではなく impose のcolloquial な言い換え。
- the negative effects
[訳例5]
US Mad Cow Disease ? Gyudon (1)
Scary
But actually not so much as beef sausages, retort pouches, bouillon cubes...
The Japanese government banned the import of American beef immediately after the discovery of the first case of BSE (mad cow disease) in the US. The import ban is a serious blow to some sectors of Japan's food service industry, especially those fast food restaurants where American beef has been the key ingredient of their main offerings. To weather the crisis, Yoshinoya and other gyudon (a bowl of stewed beef over rice) chains are planning emergency countermeasures, including alternative menu items and shorter business hours until the ban is lifted.
But actually not so much as beef sausages, retort pouches, bouillon cubes...
The Japanese government banned the import of American beef immediately after the discovery of the first case of BSE (mad cow disease) in the US. The import ban is a serious blow to some sectors of Japan's food service industry, especially those fast food restaurants where American beef has been the key ingredient of their main offerings. To weather the crisis, Yoshinoya and other gyudon (a bowl of stewed beef over rice) chains are planning emergency countermeasures, including alternative menu items and shorter business hours until the ban is lifted.
- is を挿入。
■婉曲語法
Euphemism takes away the power of words.
狂牛病、家庭内暴力、麻薬などは外来の悪であり、本来は日本人に関係ないと思いたいので BSE、DV、ドラッグ（薬物）に言い換えている。"All of these terrible things came from the USA.”
"Delivery health" is a great euphemism here. (^.^)
Much euphemism is found in the US, too. Some clever, some funny.
For example, such a symptom as "shell shock" resulting from combat experience in World War II or Viet Nam War is now rendered as PTSD.
■ 牛丼
Not everyone in the world knows "gyudon." "Beef bowl" is not natural English.
Gyudon : Today, for lunch, I ate thin slices of shredded beef placed on rice in a bowl.
寿司はよく知られているが、知らない人には例えば次のように言う。
Sushi : Last night, I went to a delicious finger-sized, thin slices of raw fish placed upon vinegared rice seasoned with Japanese horseradish restaurant.
■レトルト
retort や consommé は、日常会話ではあまり使わない。
寄稿者の名前を忘れず書くことで、これを彼らの表現とすれば問題ない。
Nonperishable foods → retort, packaged, processed, dried, canned Perishable food, Perishables → 生鮮食品
[テキスト2]
アメリカでは、血漿蛋白など牛の血液をまぜた餌を与えたり、牛の血液を注射するなどしているところがあります。
日本でBSEが出たときも、子牛の飲む代用乳に血漿蛋白が混ぜられていたことが発覚して、 これが感染の原因ではないかと騒がれたことがありました。とにかく、アメリカの酪農は大規模になりすぎていて、
生産性ばかりを重んじている。
- 英語ネイティブもJ-E翻訳の原稿によく出てくる「など」には閉口するという。 少なくとも科学技術論文や公的文書の類では「など」や「等」が厳密に用いられていて然るべきだから、 必要に応じて including, but not limited to「など」で対応する。 しかし、新聞や雑誌の読者を対象にした日常的なレベルの文章や一般的な実務翻訳の原稿で、 われわれは「など」を無意識に書いて無意識に読んでいるキライがあり、無意味な「など」が少なくない。 日本語に特有の曖昧さや日本人の好む余韻が残されるわけだ。 ところが、このような文章を改めて他言語に置き換える作業で「など」に出くわせば、 「果たして他にもあるのか、ないのか」ということをいちいち調べたり考えたりして解明しなければ前に進めない。
[訳例1]
In America, cattle are often given feed mixed
with plasma proteins or livestock remains, as well as injected with
other cows' blood. When Japan experienced its mad cow outbreak,
an uproar was caused when it was discovered that
calves were drinking substitute milk that possibly was laced
with plasma proteins from the remains of other livestock. America,
however, with its massive dairy industry to maintain, continues
to place productivity over all other concerns, including safety.
- 原稿には牛に直接 livestock remains を与えるという記述はないが、肉骨粉のことか。
[訳例2]
Some dairy farmers in the U.S.A. use (1)
feeding stuffs mixed with blood plasma protein
that is contained in cows’ blood, or give their cows a shot of (2)
other cows’ blood. When a BSE case was first confirmed
in Japan, it came out that substitute milk for calves contained
blood plasma protein, which was sensationally
(3) reported to be a suspected cause of
infection. Anyhow, U.S. dairy farming has become too large-scale
and (4) make too much of
productivity.
- feeding stuffs → feed
- other cows' blood → another cow's blood
- reported to be → reported as
- make too much of productivity → focus too much on productivity
[訳例3]
In the US, some (1)
stockbreeders feed or inject bovine blood, such
as plasma protein, to cattle. (2) On
the contrary in Japan, the bovine blood is broadly recognized
as a cause of BSE infection because, when BSE was found, the fact
was discovered that plasma protein was added to (3)
the substitute milk that was fed to the infected
cattle. In (4) US, (5)
stockbreeding industry (6) became
too big, and thus productivity, not safety, is now its priority.
- Interesting choice of words. But "dairy farmers" or "livestock breeders" or "cattle ranchers" are more natural.
- Be careful. This sentence is not really a contrast to the previous sentence. It's simply starting how the BSE outbreak occurred in Japan.
- the は不要。
- the を挿入。
- stockbreeding → dairy
- became → has become
[訳例4]
In the U.S., there are still many dairy farmers
who use feed with cow's blood, such as blood protein blended feed,
or inject cow’s blood (1) to their
cows. (2) It reminds the argument
raised in Japan when a milk (3)
replacer for calves (4) is discovered
to contain blood protein, which was seriously suspected to be a
cause of the BSE infection at that time. (5)
The scale of the U.S. dairy industry is so big that dairy farmers
tend to pursue productivity improvement only.
- to → into
- A similar case was に置換。
- milk substitute の方がよいと思う。
- is → was
- The sentence is fine, but it could use a better transition from the previous sentence.
- たとえば After all、と書き出すか、または however を使えばよいか。 原稿の字面を追うのが精一杯であれば transition などには考えがおよばないが、 ターゲット言語のネイティブが文章の質を評価するとき、当然このような点が問題になるだろう。
[訳例5]
In some American states, ranchers are permitted
to practice cattle blood transfusion or feed cattle-derived blood
plasma protein to cows and calves. During the past outbreak of BSE
in Japan, it was found that a blood plasma protein had been blended
in the milk (1) replacer for calves,
and that protein was suspected to be a possible source of the infection.
Anyhow, it seems that the American livestock industry has grown
too big to consider anything other than productivity.
- milk substitute の方がよい。
[テキスト3]
一昨年五月、国際獣疫事務局 （OIE) が神経組織の付着を理由に “背骨”を危険部位としたため、今年二月から日本でも背骨の使用はできなくなる。
これは、背骨に付着している脊髄をとりきることが難しいということから決められたが、 アメリカでは、当然、背骨は規制対象になっていない。厚労省の調査でも、
昨年一月以降輸入された牛肉加工食品の中には背骨のついたTボーンステーキが五十八トンも含まれていたり、 背骨だけではなく、脳や脊髄を使った疑いのある液状スープ類や牛脂が百五十三トンも確認されたのだ。
いまのところ厚労省は、これらを使ったものは販売を自粛するように呼びかけている。
- 自粛を要請する行政指導（通達）は、わが国独自の行政手法。 行政機関がその任務または所掌事務の範囲内において一定の行政目的を実現するため特定のものに 一定の作為または不作為を求める行為であって処分に該当しないものを言う（行政手続法）。 要するに、官民協力を背景にした官僚による裁量権の行使。
[訳例1]
In May of 2002, the World Organization for Animal
Health (OlE) tightened regulations on beef that contained backbone
nerve tissue, which is believed to be a source where dangerous,
mad cow producing proteins, known as prions, originate. As of this
February, Japan will no longer be able to include backbones into
their beef products since it was determined that cleaving
the spinal cord from the backbone is rather difficult. Yet America,
naturally, continues to play by its own rules,
with no measures in place to deal with the handling of the backbone.
According to an investigation by the Ministry of Health, Labour
and Welfare, suspicion has been raised regarding the content of
imported, processed meat products from America dating as far back
as January 2003. It included not only some 58 tons of T-bone steaks
that came with the backbone attached, but brain and spinal cord
matter that were also detected in another 153 tons of soup stock
and tallow. Because of these findings, the ministry has urged
a halt in the sale of these meat products.
- 「～が、アメリカでは」のところでは、yet をこのように自信をもって使えない（人が多い）。 どうしても but や however を考えてしまう。
[訳例2]
(1) Last
May, Office International des Epizooties (OIE) acknowledged
(2) spines of
cows as unsafe (3) sites, because
nervous tissue is attached to them. Therefore, Japan also decided
to (4) ban people from
using spines from this February onward. This decision came
from the fact that spinal cords attached to spines are hard to remove
completely. (5) Naturally in the
U.S.A., however, spines are not included in the objects of the regulation.
(6) Health and Welfare Ministry
found that processed (7) U.S.-beef
products, imported since January (8)
last year, included not only 58 tons of T-bone steak with spines,
but also 153 tons of (9) soup
in a liquid state or beef tallow that are suspected of
containing (10) extract
of brain and spinal chords. The ministry, for the time
being, only calls for the industry’s voluntary restraint of sales
of products that use these suspicious foodstuffs.
- 一昨年の五月なので In May (of) 2002。
- spines → backbones
- site は物理的な場所を示す場合に使う言葉だが、体の部位を示すときには使わない。
- ここの部分はやや紛らわしい表現。もう少しはっきりと to ban the use of spines in meat products のように表現する。
- なぜ naturally なのかをもう少し説明する必要がある。
- 正式名称を使う必要がある（the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare）。
- ハイフンは不要。
- of を挿入。
- soup in a liquid state → soup stock
- extract of brain and spinal cords → brain and spinal cord extract
[訳例3]
In May 2002, the World Organization for Animal
Health (OIE) reported that backbone is not (1)
safety portion to eat because it is (2)
adhered to the nervous tissue that may be infected.
Responsive to the report, Japan will ban the use of backbones in
February this year. (3) This Japan’s
decision was made because it is difficult to completely remove (4)
spinal cord from (4) backbone.
However, in (4) US, backbone is
not restricted. According to the research done by the Ministry of
Health, (5) Labor and Welfare,
the processed beef foods imported in and after January 2003 included
58 tons of T-bone steak with backbones and 153 tons of (6)
liquid soup or beef tallow that were suspected
of using brains or spinal cords. For the moment, the ministry requests
to refrain from voluntarily selling the products that used these
portions of beef.
- safety → a safe
- adhered → attached
- Thisは不要。
- theを挿入
- Labor → 英語の文献ではLaborを使っているところも多いかもしれないが、厚労省の正式名称では、Labourとなっているので、この正式名称を使うべき。
- "Soup stock" is a little better since soup is a liquid.
[訳例4]
(1) Effective
in February this year, the backbones of cattle cannot be
used in Japan following the decision of the Office International
des Epizooties (OIE) in May 2002 that “backbone” is (2)
a risky part because it can contain nervous tissue.
The decision was made based on a discussion that it is difficult
to remove the spinal cord attached to the backbone. In the U.S.,
(3) however the backbone
is not the controlled item. According to a survey done
by the Japan’s Ministry of Health Labor and Welfare, from the beef
processed food products imported since January 2003, at least (4)
508 tons of T-bone steak including backbone, and
153 tons of liquid soup stock and beef tallow suspected to include
not only backbone but also brain and spinal cord were found. At
this point, the Japan’s Ministry of Health, (5)
Labor and Welfare is asking retailers to voluntarily
refrain from selling the products using such parts.
- Effective this February
- a risky part → risky
- however, there are no regulations in place for the backbone
- 58 tons, I think.
- The Ministry uses the British spelling "Labour."
[訳例5]
(1) In May two
years ago, the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) concluded
that the backbones of cattle are potentially dangerous because of
the spinal nerve and brain tissues running inside. Since it is difficult
to completely remove these parts at slaughter, the Japanese government
will prohibit the use of the cattle backbones starting from February
this year in compliance with the OIE guidelines. In the US, however,
the backbones are not subject to any regulation. According to the
survey conducted by the Ministry of Health, (2)
Labor and Welfare, some 58 tons of T-bone steak cuts with backbones
pieces were included in the processed meat bought from the US since
January last year. In addition, 153 tons of beef fat and soup have
also been imported. These imports are suspected to contain not only
the backbones but also the brain and spinal cords as well. For now,
the ministry calls for voluntary restriction on the sale of food
products containing them.
- In May of 2002
- The Ministry uses the British spelling "Labour."
"In May (of) 2002" is OK rather than "In May two years ago." Just say the month and year.
○ OIE、厚労省
Official title : Spell it right.
Order of family and given names of a person (whether Western or Japanese style):
Do what the client wants.
Do it in respect of the culture.
○（規制）対象
Object of regulation is OK, but tricky nonetheless.
This word is difficult and confusing. You have to translate it depending on the situation.
Object という言葉を使わずに、文脈から「規制されていない」など、他の表現を用いる。
Ex.: Here is no regulation in place.
○ 液体スープ類
"Liquid soup" is redundant くどい.
"Soup stock" is better, though not a common term (stock = leftover part of animal).
"Canned soup" is a good idea.
○ 自粛
"Voluntary restraint" is too soft. They're really saying "Don't do it."
○ 調査 is another killer word. Is it research, analysis, survey, study or investigation?
Depending on the context, 調査 is analogous in concept and meaning to 検査, 研究, 解析, 分析 and so on.
投稿者 kz : 2004年07月21日 10:10
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