8 21, 2004

第４回：「介助犬」

おたがい生身のからだ、いつ何時どないなるやわかりまへん。 最近は、パーソナルサービス・ロボットたらちゅうもんの研究がだいぶ進んどるようです。しかし、どないかなった時には、やっぱりあったかい血のかようたもんに介助されたい。サルでも犬でもかましまへん。頼りにしてまっせー。

介助犬育成ボランティアNPO、「日本介助犬トレーニングセンター」のホームページから拝借した文章です。


【課題文】
介助犬について

介助犬ってどんな犬？

介助犬とは、手足が自由に動かない人の動作介助をし、 介助犬を必要とする障害者一人一人に合わせて訓練・指導された犬のことをいいます。

動作介助の例
* 車椅子を引く
* 落とした物をくわえて渡す
* 新聞をくわえて渡す
* ドアの開閉
* 電話をくわえて渡す
等々その他日常生活の動作介助


日本とアメリカの違いって？

アメリ力では、介助犬は1000頭以上が活躍していると言われています。アメリ力では、 障害を持つ人のための法律があり、その中で介助犬は交通機関はもちろん、 飲食店やホテルなど、人と同じように利用が認められており、 どこへでも行くことができるのです。ですから、国内旅行はもとより、 海外旅行もアメリ力の介助犬は可能なのです。

しかし、日本には10頭もいないと言われ、公共交通機関を利用できるのは、 当センターのトレーナーが訓練した4頭のみとされています。 徐々に利用を認めてくれる施設は増えてきていますが、それでも、 無いに等しいのが現状です。

日本とアメリ力の介助犬育成団体に共通しているのは、 一般の方や企業からの寄付で成り立つボランティア団体が大半をしめることです。

介助犬と盲導犬の違いって？

盲導犬とは自の見えない人のために、目のかわりとなって歩道をまっすぐ歩いたり、 交差点や階段で止まったり、障害物をきけたりしながら目の不自由な入を安全に誘導する犬のことです。

介助犬は、肢体障害者―手足が自由に動かない人―のために、手足のかわりとなって、動作介助をする犬です。 落とした物を拾ったり、鞄を持って歩いたり、遠くの物をとってきたり、エレベーターのボタンを押したりします。 このような介助の内容は、障害者一人一人に合わせて訓練されるオーダーメイドです。

日本では 、盲導犬は法律で認められ、国から援助があり、すべての交通機関の利用が認められ、 どこへでも出入りできますが、介助犬は事実上ペット扱いで援助はなく、一頭一頭、 交通機関のテストを受けて合格した犬だけしか認められません。 その他の施設もその都度、許可をもらわなければなりません。

http://www.nhk.or.jp/kdns/

[テキスト1]

介助犬について
介助犬ってどんな犬？

介助犬とは、手足が自由に動かない人の動作介助をし、 介助犬を必要とする障害者一人一人に合わせて訓練・指導された犬のことをいいます。

[訳例1]

About Service Dogs
What are service dogs, exactly?

Service dogs help persons that cannot move their arms and legs freely in various daily tasks. Each dog is trained specifically for the individual needs of each handicapped person he/she serves.

[訳例2]

(1) Know about assistance dogs
What (2) an assistance dog does?

An assistance dog is the dog that assists a person with (3) mobility disabilities. Each dog is specifically trained for the person who needs assistance.

  1. About Assistance Dogs
  2. does an assistance dog
  3. physical

[訳例3]

Definition of Assistance (1) Dog

Assistance dogs are (2) the dogs that assist the physically handicapped. Individual assistance dog must go through (2) a specific training to meet the (3) requirement of each physically handicapped person.

  1. Dogs
  2. 削除。
  3. requirements (pl.)

  • 複数形の名詞に定冠詞を付けると、ここの the dogs であれば「障害者を助けるあらゆる犬」 ということになる。プロの介助犬でないフツーの犬でも人の役に立ったり、 あるいはたまたま人を助ける場合もあるわけだ。

[訳例4]

Medical Assistance Dog
What is a Medical Assistance Dog?

A medical assistance dog supports (1) movements of people with disabilities. The dogs are individually trained and directed (2) exclusively for physically handicapped persons who need a medical assistance dog.

  1. 定冠詞 the が必要。
  2. exclusively（独占、排他的）では少々意味が異なります。

[訳例5]

About Assistant Dogs
What kind of dogs are they?

The term assistant dog refers to a dog that has been trained to assist a physically handicapped person. It is specifically trained to perform tasks to (1) mitigate an individual disability.

  1. "Mitigate" means to "lessen," but does not lessen a person's physical handicap (only helps him).

○ 介助犬

Google hit counts:
  • service dog: 37,900
    -- refers to dogs who help physically challenged people (vs. guide dogs, seeing-eye dogs, or hearing dogs)
  • assistance dogs: 11,500
    -- refers in general to all "guide, hearing and service dogs"
  • assistant dogs: 319
    -- refers to ALL dogs who help people (guide dogs, etc.)
  • medical assistance dog: 62
    -- refers to a dog that provides support and assistance for people with specific medical conditions such as hypoglycaemia (低血糖症) and other similar disorders
動物の代名詞は一般には it でよい。しかし、犬や猫など身近なものであれば it はあまり使わず、 he や she となる。特に介助犬は人間並みの扱い。

service dog は盲導犬を法的（正式）に表す言葉のようです。 ことさら障害者を区別している感じを与えないので好ましい。 もともと介助犬は seeing-eye dog、つまり盲導犬。 なお、耳の不自由な人のための介助犬は hearing dog で、hearing-ear dog は一般的でない。 service の語感は assistance に比べて independent (from specific tasks)。

Choose between "a dog" and "dogs," and use the choice consistently.

○ 手足が自由に動かない人

handicapped、disabled、crippled などの形容詞があるが、昨今は Political Correctness (PC) という社会風潮に沿って、偏見がない、差別的でないことに気を遣った PC terms がいろいろ工夫されている。たとえば、disabled は dis- という接頭辞がネガティブなイメージを 与えてしまうため、あまり使わない。むしろ反対の abled-を用いて、 uniquely-abled、differently-abled などという。また、 さらに積極的なイメージを持つ challenge を使って physically challenged、horizontally challenged、vertically challenged、 orally challenged、cerebrally challenged などという。しかし、 PC語も使われすぎて backlash があったり、偽善が見え隠れしたりするようになってきた。 Anyway, words are very powerful!!

神を信じ輪廻転生を信じていれば、現世は試練。そこで challenged が重宝される。bald でさえ follicularly challenged ということで大事にされるから、 加齢性禿髪なおもて往生をとぐ。
面白い PC 用語のサイト： http://www.funny2.com/dictionary.htm

[テキスト2]

動作介助の例
* 車椅子を引く
* 落とした物をくわえて渡す
* 新聞をくわえて渡す
* ドアの開閉
* 電話をくわえて渡す
等々その他日常生活の動作介助

[訳例1]

Some of the tasks that service dogs perform include:
* Pulling a wheelchair,
* Picking up and retrieving a dropped item,
* Fetching a newspaper,
* Opening and closing doors, and
* Retrieving a phone handset, as well as many other kinds of daily support activities.

[訳例2]

For example, an assistance dog can:
* pull a wheelchair,
* retrieve dropped things,
* bring a newspaper and hand it to the person,
* open and close doors,
* bring a (1) handset and hand it to the person, and assist the person in various other activities of daily living.

  1. telephone 挿入。

[訳例3]

The following are some examples of assistance that assistance dogs provide for their disabled partners’ daily (1) living activities;
* (2) rolling a wheelchair
* picking up dropped objects
* picking up newspaper and passing it to the partner
* opening or closing doors
* picking up a telephone receiver and passing it to the partner

  • living activities → life
  • pulling (alt.)

[訳例4]

The Medical Assistance Dog (1) supports:
* (2) pull a wheelchair.
* (2) bring a newspaper.
* (2) open and close doors.
* (2) pick up the phone and hand it over to the owner, and other (3) movements of everyday life.

  1. performs such actions as
  2. pulling, bringing, opening, picking
  3. motions

[訳例5]

On behalf of its owner, (1) it performs a variety of daily physical tasks, such as:
* Pulling a wheelchair
* Picking up a dropped object
* Fetching a delivered newspaper
* Opening a door
* Lifting a telephone handset

  1. "It" is not common for a dog.

○ くわえて渡す
pick up with the mouth and hand it to…（犬に手はないが hand が可）
他の動詞として mouth、fetch、retrieve など。

[テキスト3]

日本とアメリカの違いって？

アメリ力では、介助犬は1000頭以上が活躍していると言われています。アメリ力では、 障害を持つ人のための法律があり、その中で介助犬は交通機関はもちろん、 飲食店やホテルなど、人と同じように利用が認められており、どこへでも行くことができるのです。 ですから、国内旅行はもとより、海外旅行もアメリ力の介助犬は可能なのです。

[訳例1]

What are some differences between Japan and the United States?

In the United States, it is said that some 1000 service dog and partner pairs are currently active. The US has certain laws to protect the interests of disabled persons (the Americans with Disabilities Act). Those laws specify that service dogs are allowed to utilize the same public services and facilities as their human partners, including public transport, restaurants, hotels, and others. In short, service dogs can accompany their partners just about anywhere. They can of course travel within the United States, or make trips abroad as well.

[訳例2]

Assistance dogs in the U.S. and Japan

In America, more than (1) one thousands of assistance dogs are working. Thanks to (2) American law for people with disabilities, American assistance dogs are allowed anywhere, (3) where people are allowed, such as public transportation or restaurants. Therefore, American assistance dogs can travel not only in America but also travel abroad.

  1. one thousand assistance dogs
  2. an を挿入。
  3. ここのカンマは不要。

[訳例3]

Difference between (1) Japan's and US Circumstances Surrounding Assistance Dogs (2)

In the U.S.A., over a thousand assistance dogs are reportedly at work (3) and showing great activity. The U.S.A. has laws concerning the disabled, which allow assistance dogs' access to restaurants and hotels as well as any (4) transport, so that the (5) American-born assistance dogs can travel not only within the country but also overseas.

  1. Japan and US
  2. タイトルとしてはちょっと長い。
  3. 削除。
  4. kind of を挿入。
  5. American-born → American

[訳例4]

What are (1) differences between Medical Assistance Dogs in the U.S. and Japan?

It is said that more than 1000 Medical Assistance Dogs are playing an active role in the U.S. There is a law for physically handicapped persons, (2) which stipulates Medical Assistance Dog's activities to allow such dogs to enter restaurants and hotels as well as to utilize transportation facilities. The dogs can travel anywhere (3) using such facilities and are allowed to enter any places (4) like people do. (5) The medical assistance dogs in the U.S. can do not only domestic (6) travelling, but also (6) travelling abroad (7).

  1. the を挿入。
  2. 複雑すぎる表現。
  3. カンマで区切り、これを削除。
  4. just を挿入。
  5. Medical assistance dogs
  6. travel
  7. as well を追加。

[訳例5]

What difference is there between Japan and America?

In the U.S., more than a thousand assistant dogs are said to be in service now. There is a law to protect people with disabilities. The law allows assistant dogs to accompany their owner (1) going out via public transport to visit anywhere, including restaurants and hotels. Therefore, their assistance enables handicapped people to travel (2) in and out of the country safely.

  1. 不要につき削除。
  2. both を挿入。

○ 障害を持つ人のための法律
Americans with Disabilities Acts (ADA) 初の広範囲にわたる法律で、 車椅子の人が使いやすいようなＡＴＭや歩道を設置したり、雇用の促進、 サービス・介護の権利を確立するなど、多方面にわたる。

犬の飼い主。介助犬との関係では Wendyさんのように partner となるが、 寝食の面倒をみているということで一般的には owner。これは「主人」と訳される。 ところで、昔から日本では人妻が夫のことを対外的に「主人」というが、 新しい世代になればちょっとこれには釈然としないはず。（笑）

[テキスト4]

しかし、日本には10頭もいないと言われ、公共交通機関を利用できるのは、 当センターのトレーナーが訓練した4頭のみとされています。 徐々に利用を認めてくれる施設は増えてきていますが、それでも、無いに等しいのが現状です。

日本とアメリ力の介助犬育成団体に共通しているのは、 一般の方や企業からの寄付で成り立つボランティア団体が大半をしめることです。

[訳例1]

However, in Japan, it is a different story. There are fewer than ten service dogs in action, and only four of them (those trained by the Center) are allowed to use public transport. The number of public places that allow service dogs is gradually increasing, but they are still very few in number.

One common aspect of service dog training organizations in both the US and Japan is that they are mostly volunteer groups that rely on contributions from corporations and the general public for their funding needs.

[訳例2]

However, in Japan, there are less than 10 assistance dogs. Only 4 of them, the dogs that our staff trained, are allowed to use public transportation. Although the facilities that admit assistance dogs are gradually increasing, (1) they are still not many at present.

(2) The common thing among American and Japanese organizations for training assistance dogs is that most of them are voluntary organizations that are supported by donations from individuals or companies.

  1. there
  2. Common factor

[訳例3]

Meanwhile, Japan is said to have less than ten assistance dogs. Among them, only four dogs, trained by the trainer with our center, are allowed to use public transport. Facilities that are accessible to assistance dogs are on the increase, but practically next to nothing.

What Japanese organizations of assistance dogs and their American counterparts have in common is that most of them are non-profit, voluntary organizations, and are funded through donations from general people and corporations.

[訳例4]

Compared to this, there are (1) only less than ten Medical Assistance Dogs in Japan, and (2) merely four of them, which are trained by the (3) trainer of the Center, are allowed to use public transportation facilities. The number of facilities the Medical Assistance Dogs can use is gradually increasing, but, at (4) this moment, (5) nearly none of them are allowed to use.

Most of the Medical Assistance Dog development groups in the U.S. and Japan are volunteer groups (6) operated by donations from (7) general people and business enterprises.

  1. only 削除。
  2. merely → only
  3. 削除。
  4. this → the
  5. there are still very few
  6. which rely on
  7. individuals

[訳例5]

(1) While in Japan the situation is a misery. The number of assistant dogs (2) is yet to reach even ten. Of them, only four that have been trained in this center are currently allowed to (3) enter the facilities of public locomotion. (4) Showing a nominal increase, though, assistant dogs are (5) virtually nonexistent in this country.

What is common between Japan and the States is that efforts to train and provide assistant dogs are (6) devoted by volunteer groups operating on donations from private businesses and individuals.

  1. However, the situation is Japan is different
  2. is → has
  3. use public transport
  4. While their number is growing slightly
  5. still を挿入。
  6. carried

日米で事情は異なるが、日本の現状が「悲惨」だとはどこにも書いてない。[訳例5] のような創作は厳に慎むべきである。

[テキスト5]

介助犬と盲導犬の違いって？

盲導犬とは目の見えない人のために、目のかわりとなって歩道をまっすぐ歩いたり、 交差点や階段で止まったり、障害物をきけたりしながら目の不自由な入を安全に誘導する犬のことです。

[訳例1]

How do service dogs and guide dogs differ?

Guide dogs serve as the 'eyes' of visually-impaired persons, guiding them safely along by helping them to walk straight on streets, stopping at crosswalks and stairs, and avoiding obstacles.

[訳例2]

Differences between assistance dogs and guide dogs

A guide dog is the dog for a visually impaired person and works (1) as if it became eyes of the people. The guide dog walks along sidewalks, stops at intersections or before steps, or navigates around obstacles so that the visually impaired person can walk safely.

  1. as the "eyes" of the blind

[訳例3]

Difference between Assistance Dogs and Guide Dogs

A guide dog, which serves as the eye of the visually impaired partner, safely guides the partner, leading the partner straight along a street, stopping at curbs and steps, and guiding the partner around obstacles.

[訳例4]

What are differences between Medical Assistance Dogs and guide dogs?

Guide dogs are for the blind. The dogs guide the blind safely by walking along (1) sidewalk straightly, serving as an eye for the blind, stopping before (2) the crossing and/or stairs, avoiding obstacles, (3) etc.

  1. sidewalks straight
  2. crossings
  3. etc. → and other things

[訳例5]

How different are assistant dogs from guide dogs?

The term guide dog means a dog trained to guide blind people. Serving as (1) the eyes for their owner, guide dogs navigate sidewalks avoiding obstacles, stop at red lights and stairs, and so on.

  1. the を削除。

○ 目の見えない人
blind, visually-impaired, visually handicapped persons
the visually impaired

○ 代わりとなって
act as their ...

[テキスト6]

介助犬は、肢体障害者―手足が自由に動かない人―のために、手足のかわりとなって、 動作介助をする犬です。落とした物を拾ったり、鞄を持って歩いたり、遠くの物をとってきたり、 エレベーターのボタンを押したりします。このような介助の内容は、 障害者一人一人に合わせて訓練されるオーダーメイドです。

[訳例1]

Service dogs serve as the 'hands and feet' of physically-handicapped persons, or those who cannot move their arms and legs freely. They perform such tasks as picking up dropped object, carrying their partner's bag, retrieving objects from far away, and pressing elevator buttons. The menu of tasks each service dogs performs is 'tailor made' for the individual needs of each partner.

[訳例2]

An assistance dog is the dog for (1) an orthopedically impaired person (2) who has disabilities in his or her hands or legs. The assistance dog works (3) as if it became hands or legs of the person. For example, it retrieves dropped things, carries a bag, (4) brings things from a remote place, and pushes elevator buttons. They are each trained specifically for an individual person with disability.

  1. a physically
  2. 削除。
  3. as the "hands or legs"
  4. retrieves items from a far

[訳例3]

An assistance dog serves as limbs of the physically disabled partner (the person unable to move his/her limbs at her/his will) and assists the partner, for example, by picking up a dropped object, carrying a bag, bringing an object from afar, pushing an elevator button. Each assistance dog is trained to offer specific assistance to the would-be partner.

[訳例4]

Medical Assistance Dogs are for the (1) crippled. The dogs support the (2) movements of people with disabilities. The dogs pick up things the owner dropped, walk with bags, bring things (3) at a distance, push elevator buttons, and so on. The (4) contents of movements supported depend on the dogs. The dogs are individually trained for each (5) of the crippled.

  1. physically handicapped
  2. daily lives
  3. from far away
  4. actions the dogs perform for people
  5. person
  • crippled は、ネガティブな言葉であることを認識した上で用いる。

[訳例5]

Assistant dogs work (1) moving for physically disabled persons. For instance, they pick up (2) a thing that dropped, carry a bag, fetch (3) a thing, and push (4) an elevator button. They must be specifically trained to meet the individual needs of each owner.

  1. as the "arms" or "legs" of
  2. something
  3. things
  4. elevator buttons

最初の a thing を something に、次の a thing を things にされている。a bag が通っていることから理由がわかり、 このあたりにも英語の面白さがある。

[テキスト7]

日本では 、盲導犬は法律で認められ、国から援助があり、すべての交通機関の利用が認められ、 どこへでも出入りできますが、介助犬は事実上ペット扱いで援助はなく、 一頭一頭、交通機関のテストを受けて合格した犬だけしか認められません。 その他の施設もその都度、許可をもらわなければなりません。

[訳例1]

In Japan, the role of guide dogs is recognized by law, and they are given some public funding. Guide dogs are allowed on all public transport, and can enter any building. However, service dogs are treated no differently from pets. Each dog must take and pass a test for public transport before it is allowed to use it. Partners must also receive permission for their service dogs to enter a public facility each time.

[訳例2]

In Japan, guide dogs are defined (1) in laws and (2) able to obtain a subsidy (3) and allowed by all public transportation (4) and therefore can go anywhere. However, assistance dogs are regarded as pets and (5) obtain no subsidy. Each assistance dog has to take a test for (6) using of public transportation and only (7) the assistance dog that passed the test can use (8) public transportation. For other facilities, (9) each assistance dog has to get a permission for each time when using the facilities.

  1. in → by
  2. and are able to obtain a subsidy.
  3. They are allowed on
  4. カンマ挿入。
  5. obtain → receive
  6. using → use
  7. those that pass
  8. public transportation → it
  9. assistance dogs must get permission each time when using

[訳例3]

Under the Japanese laws, guide dogs are eligible for grants and allowed access to any place including public transport. In contrast, assistance dogs are practically treated as pets, hence no grants. Therefore only those assistance dogs that passed the test by public transport are allowed to use it. Assistance dogs need entry permission by the facilities concerned, whenever they enter them.

[訳例4]

In Japan, guide dogs are authorized by the law and subsidized by the government. (1) The guide dogs are allowed to use all transportation facilities and to enter any places, but (1) the Medical Assistance Dogs are (2) virtually treated as (3) pets and granted no subsidies. (4) The dogs each has to take an examination and (5) succeed in the examination to use transportation facilities. For using other facilities, the owners also have to get (6) an approval in advance each time to let (7) such dogs use them.

  1. the 不要。
  2. 削除。
  3. a sort of pet
  4. Each dog
  5. pass it
  6. an 削除。
  7. such → these

[訳例5]

In Japan, guide dogs are legally acknowledged and (1) subject to government subsidy. They are accepted in practically any place, including buses and trains. Assistant dogs, however, are regarded as (2) pets and pets are not paid by the government. These dogs must first pass tests conducted by individual transport services before being allowed to ride their buses or trains. Other public facilities require some special procedures in advance.

  1. given government subsidies
  2. pets, and not paid for
法律で認められ
  • authorized (determined, established, governed, recognized, protected) by a law
  • legally allowed (acknowledged)
  • legally covered by... Act

投稿者 kz : 2004年08月21日 23:15

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